The proliferation of cyber physical systems (CPS) has increasingly enabled cyber actions to have direct kinetic effects on tangible infrastructure, even as cyberspace itself depends on tangible infrastructure vulnerable to kinetic damage.

This report focuses on Russia, a particularly important threat actor to track given their track record of brazen infrastructure attacks. It is almost certain that we will see further attacks from Russia against the infrastructure of other nations.  The only uncertainty remaining pertains to what sort of attacks they might be motivated to initiate under what circumstances, and whether we would even know if they had already been accomplished.